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this bra gives good support

  • 1 support

    support [sə'pɔ:t]
    1 noun
    (a) (backing) soutien m, appui m;
    ∎ support for the Socialist Party is declining le parti socialiste est en baisse ou en perte de vitesse;
    ∎ the rebels have little support les rebelles bénéficient d'un soutien limité;
    ∎ there is widespread support for the government/these policies le gouvernement bénéficie/ces politiques bénéficient d'un très large soutien;
    ∎ he's trying to drum up or to mobilize support for his scheme il essaie d'obtenir du soutien pour son projet;
    ∎ to give or to lend one's support to sth appuyer ou soutenir qch;
    ∎ she gave us her full support elle nous a pleinement appuyés;
    ∎ you have my full support on this je vous soutiens à cent pour cent, vous pouvez compter sur mon soutien inconditionnel;
    ∎ to speak in support of a motion appuyer une motion;
    ∎ they are striking in support of the miners ils font grève par solidarité avec les mineurs;
    ∎ a collection in support of the homeless une quête au profit des sans-abri;
    ∎ insufficient air for the support of life air en quantité insuffisante pour permettre la vie
    (b) (assistance, encouragement) appui m, aide f;
    ∎ I couldn't have managed without the support of the neighbours je n'aurais pas pu y arriver sans l'appui des voisins;
    ∎ a mutual support scheme un système d'entraide;
    ∎ she gave me the emotional support I needed elle m'a apporté le soutien affectif dont j'avais besoin
    (c) (funding) appui m, soutien m;
    ∎ they depend on the government for financial support ils sont subventionnés par le gouvernement;
    ∎ with (financial) support from the council avec l'appui ou le soutien (financier) du conseil;
    ∎ he has no visible means of support ses sources de revenus sont inconnues;
    ∎ what are your means of support? quelles sont vos sources de revenus?;
    ∎ she is their only means of support ils n'ont qu'elle pour les faire vivre
    (d) (holding up) soutien m;
    ∎ the upper floors need extra support les étages supérieurs ont besoin d'un soutien supplémentaire;
    ∎ I was holding his arm for support je m'appuyais sur son bras;
    ∎ this bra gives good support ce soutien-gorge maintient bien la poitrine
    (e) (person) soutien m;
    ∎ she's been a great support to me elle m'a été d'un grand soutien;
    ∎ she is the support of the family (financially) c'est elle qui fait vivre la famille
    (f) (supporting structure, prop) appui m; Building industry & Technology support m; Medicine (bandage) bandage m de maintien;
    ∎ the steel supports had buckled les supports en acier s'étaient déformés
    (g) (substantiation, corroboration) corroboration f;
    ∎ in support of her theory à l'appui de ou pour corroborer sa théorie;
    ∎ the investigation found no support for this view l'enquête n'a rien trouvé pour corroborer ce point de vue;
    ∎ this discovery lends support to those who have argued… cette découverte va dans le sens de ceux qui soutiennent que…
    ∎ farm supports subventions fpl agricoles
    (i) Cinema (supporting actor) second rôle m; Music groupe m en première partie
    (a) (troops, unit) de soutien
    (b) (hose, stockings) de maintien; (bandage) de soutien
    (c) Building industry & Technology (structure, device, frame) de soutien
    (a) (back → action, campaign, person) soutenir, appuyer; (→ cause, idea) être pour, soutenir; Military (→ troops) soutenir; Sport (→ team) être pour; (actively) être supporter de; (assist → person) soutenir, aider;
    ∎ she supports the Labour Party elle est pour ou elle soutient le parti travailliste;
    ∎ to support a candidate appuyer ou soutenir un candidat;
    ∎ I can't support their action je ne peux pas approuver leur action;
    ∎ we support her in her decision nous approuvons sa décision;
    ∎ the Democrats will support the bill les Démocrates seront pour ou appuieront le projet de loi;
    ∎ the mayor, supported by the clergy le maire, avec le soutien du clergé;
    ∎ he supports Tottenham c'est un supporter de Tottenham;
    ∎ he made it with only her love to support him il a réussi avec son amour comme seul soutien;
    ∎ Cinema & Theatre supported by a superb cast avec une distribution superbe
    (b) (hold up) supporter, soutenir;
    ∎ the pillars that support the ceiling les piliers qui soutiennent le plafond;
    ∎ her legs were too weak to support her ses jambes étaient trop faibles pour la porter;
    ∎ he supported himself on a stick/my arm il s'appuyait sur un bâton/mon bras;
    ∎ will you support the shelf while I fix it to the wall? tu peux tenir l'étagère le temps ou pendant que je la fixe au mur?;
    ∎ she held on to the table to support herself elle s'agrippa à la table pour ne pas tomber
    (c) (provide for financially → person) subvenir aux besoins de; (→ campaign, project) aider financièrement;
    ∎ she has three children to support elle a trois enfants à charge;
    ∎ she earns enough to support herself elle gagne assez pour subvenir à ses propres besoins;
    ∎ he supports himself by teaching il gagne sa vie en enseignant;
    ∎ his parents supported him through college ses parents ont financé ses études;
    ∎ the theatre is supported by contributions le théâtre est financé par des contributions
    (d) (sustain) faire vivre;
    ∎ the land has supported four generations of tribespeople cette terre a fait vivre la tribu pendant quatre générations;
    ∎ the atmosphere on the planet could not support life l'atmosphère de la planète ne permettrait pas le développement d'êtres vivants
    (e) (substantiate, give weight to) appuyer, confirmer, donner du poids à;
    ∎ there is no evidence to support his claim il n'y a aucune preuve pour appuyer ses dires;
    ∎ a theory supported by experience une théorie confirmée par l'expérience
    (f) Finance (price, currency) soutenir
    (g) Computing (file format, device, technology) permettre l'utilisation de, supporter;
    ∎ this package is supported by all workstations ce progiciel peut être utilisé sur tous les postes de travail
    (h) (endure) supporter, tolérer
    ►► support band groupe m en première partie;
    ∎ who was the support band? qui est-ce qu'il y avait en première partie?;
    (a) (for therapy) groupe m de soutien
    (b) (at concert) groupe m en première partie;
    Computing support line assistance f technique téléphonique;
    support price prix m de soutien;
    Administration support services services mpl d'assistance technique;
    support staff personnel m de soutien ou des services généraux

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > support

  • 2 lift

    1. transitive verb
    1) heben; (slightly) anheben; (fig.) erheben [Seele, Gemüt, Geist]
    2) (sl.): (steal) klauen (salopp)
    3) (sl.): (plagiarize) abkupfern (salopp) ( from aus)
    4) (end) aufheben [Verbot, Beschränkung, Blockade]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (disperse) sich auflösen
    2) (rise) [Stimmung:] sich aufhellen; [Herz:] höher schlagen
    3. noun
    1) (ride in vehicle) Mitfahrgelegenheit, die

    get a lift [with or from somebody] — [von jemandem] mitgenommen werden

    2) (Brit.): (in building) Aufzug, der; Fahrstuhl, der
    3) (lifting) Heben, das
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/88752/lift_down">lift down
    * * *
    [lift] 1. verb
    1) (to raise or bring to a higher position: The box was so heavy I couldn't lift it.) heben
    2) (to take and carry away: He lifted the table through into the kitchen.) hochheben und wegtragen
    3) ((of mist etc) to disappear: By noon, the fog was beginning to lift.) sich heben
    4) (to rise: The aeroplane lifted into the air.) sich heben
    2. noun
    1) (the act of lifting: a lift of the eyebrows.) das Heben
    2) ((American elevator) a small enclosed platform etc that moves up and down between floors carrying goods or people: Since she was too tired to climb the stairs, she went up in the lift.) der Aufzug
    3) (a ride in someone's car etc: Can I give you a lift into town?) im Auto mitnehmen
    4) (a raising of the spirits: Her success in the exam gave her a great lift.) der Auftrieb
    •
    * * *
    [lɪft]
    I. n
    1. BRIT (elevator) Lift m, Aufzug m, Fahrstuhl m
    to take the \lift den Aufzug nehmen, mit dem Aufzug fahren
    2. (for skiers) Skilift m; (chair lift) Sessellift m
    a bra that gives a bit of \lift ein BH, der etwas stützt; (heel)
    shoes with a bit of \lift Schuhe mit etwas höheren Absätzen
    4. (act of lifting) [Hoch]heben nt kein pl; of the head stolze Kopfhaltung
    a tiny \lift will put this in the right place wenn du es ein klein wenig anhebst, können wir es an die richtige Stelle rücken
    5. (increase) Anstieg m kein pl; (increase in amount) Erhöhung f [eines Betrags]; of a person's voice Heben nt der Stimme
    7. no pl MECH Hubkraft f; AVIAT Auftrieb m
    8. (weight) [Hoch]heben nt kein pl
    9. (ride) Mitfahrgelegenheit f
    to give a \lift to sb [or to give sb a \lift] jdn [im Auto] mitnehmen
    I'll give you a \lift to the station ich kann Sie bis zum Bahnhof mitnehmen
    to hitch [or thumb] a \lift trampen, per Anhalter [o SCHWEIZ Autostopp] fahren
    to give sb a \lift jdn aufmuntern; prospects jdm Auftrieb geben; drugs jdn aufputschen
    II. vt
    ▪ to \lift sb/sth jdn/etw [hoch]heben; (slightly) jdn/etw anheben
    she \lifted the cigarette [up] to her lips sie führte die Zigarette an die Lippen; SPORT
    \lift the weight into the starting position bring das Gewicht in die Ausgangsposition
    ▪ to \lift sb/sth out of sth jdn/etw aus etw dat [heraus]heben
    when will our country ever be \lifted out of this state of economic depression? ( fig) wann wird es mit der Wirtschaft unseres Landes wohl jemals wieder aufwärtsgehen?
    2. (direct upward)
    to \lift one's eyes die Augen aufschlagen
    to \lift one's head den Kopf heben
    to \lift one's eyes [or face] from sth von etw dat aufsehen [o aufblicken]
    to \lift one's head from sth den Kopf von etw dat heben
    3. (make louder)
    to \lift one's voice lauter sprechen, die Stimme heben
    to \lift one's voice to sb (yell at) jdn anschreien; (argue with) die Stimme gegen jdn erheben geh
    ▪ to \lift an amount/prices/rates einen Betrag/Preise/Sätze erhöhen
    5. (airlift)
    ▪ to \lift sth somewhere etw irgendwohin fliegen
    to \lift supplies/troops den Nachschub/Truppen auf dem Luftweg transportieren
    6. usu passive (in surgery)
    to have one's face/breasts \lifted sich dat das Gesicht liften/die Brust straffen lassen
    7. (dig up)
    ▪ to \lift sth etw ausgraben
    to \lift potatoes Kartoffeln [o ÖSTERR Erdäpfel] ernten [o DIAL ausmachen
    8. (improve in rank)
    ▪ to \lift sb/a team jdn/ein Team befördern
    9. (win)
    to \lift an event/a prize einen Wettkampf/einen Preis gewinnen
    10. (make more interesting)
    ▪ to \lift sth etw interessanter gestalten [o fam aufpeppen
    11. (elevate)
    to \lift sb's confidence jds Vertrauen stärken
    to \lift sb's spirits jds Stimmung heben
    12. (end)
    to \lift a ban/restrictions ein Verbot/Einschränkungen aufheben
    13. ( fam: steal)
    ▪ to \lift sth etw klauen fam [o fam mitgehen lassen
    14. ( fam: plagiarize)
    ▪ to \lift sth essay, song etw abschreiben [o fig klauen] fam
    15. (arrest)
    ▪ to \lift sb jdn schnappen fam
    16. (take)
    to \lift fingerprints from sth etw auf Fingerabdrücke untersuchen
    III. vi
    1. (be raised) sich akk heben
    2. (disperse) cloud, fog sich akk auflösen
    3. (become happier) mood sich akk heben
    * * *
    [lɪft]
    1. n
    1) (= lifting) Heben nt

    give me a lift up — heb mich mal hoch

    give me a lift with this trunk — hilf mir, den Koffer hochzuheben

    2) (WEIGHTLIFTING)

    that was a good lift — das war eine gute Leistung

    3)

    (= emotional uplift) to give sb a lift — jdn aufmuntern; (drug) jdn aufputschen; (prospect) jdm Auftrieb geben

    4) (in car etc) Mitfahrgelegenheit f

    to get a lift from sb — von jdm mitgenommen werden/von jdm gefahren werden

    want a lift? — möchten Sie mitkommen?, soll ich dich fahren?

    don't take lifts from strangers — lass dich nicht von Fremden mitnehmen

    5) (Brit: elevator) Fahrstuhl m, Aufzug m, Lift m; (for goods) Aufzug m
    6) (AVIAT) Auftrieb m
    2. vt
    1) hochheben; window hochschieben; feet, head heben; eyes aufschlagen; hat lüften, ziehen; potatoes etc ernten; child etc hochheben
    2) (fig) heben; voice erheben

    to lift the spirits/mood — die Stimmung heben

    the news lifted him out of his depression —

    3) (= remove) restrictions etc aufheben
    4) (inf: steal) mitgehen lassen (inf), klauen (inf); (= plagiarize) abkupfern (inf)
    5)

    to have one's face lifted — sich (dat) das Gesicht straffen or liften lassen

    6) (Brit inf = arrest) schnappen (inf)
    3. vi
    1) (= be lifted) sich hochheben lassen

    that chair is too heavy ( for you) to lift — dieser Stuhl ist zu schwer zum Hochheben

    2) (mist) sich lichten; (mood, spirits) sich heben
    3) (rocket, plane) abheben
    * * *
    lift [lıft]
    A s
    1. a) (Hoch-, Auf)Heben n:
    he gave the boy a lift onto the chair er hob den Jungen auf den Stuhl
    b) (Eis-, Rollkunstlauf etc) Hebefigur f
    2. Steigen n
    3. Hochhalten n, aufrechte oder stolze Haltung:
    the proud lift of her head ihre stolze Kopfhaltung
    4. TECH
    a) Hub(höhe) m(f)
    b) Förderhöhe f
    c) Steighöhe f
    d) Förder-, Hubmenge f
    5. a) US Beförderung f
    b) Luftbrücke f
    6. a) FLUG, PHYS Auftrieb m, fig auch Aufschwung m:
    give sb a lift → B 3
    b) Erfolgserlebnis n
    7. Last f:
    8. Gewichtheben: Versuch m
    9. a) Beistand m, Hilfe f
    b) Mitfahrgelegenheit f:
    give sb a lift jemandem helfen; jemanden (im Auto etc) mitnehmen;
    get a lift from sb von jemandem mitgenommen werden;
    offer sb a lift jemandem anbieten, ihn mitzunehmen;
    thanks for the lift danke fürs Mitnehmen; → thumb B 3
    10. TECH Hebe-, Fördergerät n, -werk n
    11. besonders Br Lift m, Aufzug m, Fahrstuhl m:
    take the lift den Fahrstuhl nehmen, mit dem Fahrstuhl fahren
    12. (Ski-, Sessel- etc) Lift m
    13. Bergbau:
    a) Pumpensatz m
    b) Abbauhöhe f
    14. umg Diebstahl m
    15. MED Lift m/n, Lifting n:
    have a lift sich liften lassen
    B v/t
    a) (hoch-, auf)heben,
    b) die Stimme etc erheben:
    lift one’s eyes aufschauen, -blicken;
    lift one’s hand to sb die Hand gegen jemanden erheben;
    lift sth down etwas herunterheben ( from von); → finger A 1, hand Bes Redew
    2. Gewichtheben: ein Gewicht zur Hochstrecke bringen
    3. fig
    b) emporheben (from, out of aus der Armut etc)
    4. auch lift up jemanden aufmuntern, jemandem Auftrieb oder Aufschwung geben:
    lifted up with pride stolzgeschwellt
    5. Bergbau: fördern
    6. die Preise etc anheben, erhöhen
    7. umg klauen, stehlen:
    a) mitgehen lassen umg
    b) plagiieren
    8. ein Zelt, Lager abbrechen
    9. a) Kartoffeln klauben, ernten
    b) einen Schatz heben
    10. US eine Hypothek etc tilgen
    11. jemandem das Gesicht etc liften, straffen:
    have one’s face lifted sich das Gesicht liften lassen
    12. eine Belagerung, ein Embargo, ein Verbot etc aufheben
    13. Fingerabdrücke sichern
    C v/i
    1. sich heben, steigen (beide: auch Nebel):
    a) starten (Rakete),
    b) abheben (Flugzeug)
    2. sich (hoch)heben lassen
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) heben; (slightly) anheben; (fig.) erheben [Seele, Gemüt, Geist]
    2) (sl.): (steal) klauen (salopp)
    3) (sl.): (plagiarize) abkupfern (salopp) ( from aus)
    4) (end) aufheben [Verbot, Beschränkung, Blockade]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (disperse) sich auflösen
    2) (rise) [Stimmung:] sich aufhellen; [Herz:] höher schlagen
    3. noun
    1) (ride in vehicle) Mitfahrgelegenheit, die

    get a lift [with or from somebody] — [von jemandem] mitgenommen werden

    2) (Brit.): (in building) Aufzug, der; Fahrstuhl, der
    3) (lifting) Heben, das
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (UK) n.
    Aufzug -¨e m.
    Fahrstuhl m.
    Lift -e m.
    Personenaufzug m. n.
    Erfolgserlebnis n.
    Hub ¨-e m. v.
    aufheben v.
    fördern v.
    heben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hob, gehoben)
    roden (ernten) v.

    English-german dictionary > lift

  • 3 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

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